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It’s Easter, so I wrote about a very adjacent topic this week: Ferrero Group, the world’s 2nd largest candy maker and creator of Nutella (AKA the goo-ey goodness you’re probably eating straight from the jar for breakfast right now).
Also this week:
- An update on Elon’s $43B bid to buy Twitter
- Why AriZona Iced Tea is still only $0.99
- Links + Memes
PS. Shoutout to LEX, this newsletter’s first official sponsor.
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Meet the Ferrero Group
This is Giovanni Ferrero.
He is Italy’s richest person, with a net worth of $36B.
The source of his wealth is Ferrero Group, the Italian confectionary giant which sold $14B of sweets last year (and is the world’s 2nd biggest candy maker). The private business employs 40k+ people and runs 30+ plants globally.
Nutella — the hazelnut spread — accounts for 1/5th of total sales (~$3B) but Ferrero also owns Kinder Surprise, Mon Cheri, TicTac, Crunch Bar, Nerds, Thornton’s and many more.
The firm is currently facing a salmonella-related recall for Kinder Surprise Eggs during one of its busiest times of the year: Easter.
Halloween typically sells the most candy volume of the year but Easter is the Super Bowl for nicely-packaged confectionaries, which is right in Ferrero’s wheelhouse.
This wasn’t always the case, though.
The Origin
The OG Nutella was invented in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. At the time, the famed French General started a continental blockade against his seafaring foes in the United Kingdom, which lead to a cocoa shortage across Europe.
Ever resourceful, Italian chefs started using ground hazelnut to stretch their dwindling chocolate supplies. The product they created was called gianduja.
Fast forward to 1946. Europe was dealing with yet another continent-wide shortage of cocoa (and food stuffs in general) following the end of World War II.
An Italian pastry chef by the name of Pietro Ferrero — a native of Alba, Italy — whipped out the recipe for gianduja and created a snack aimed at regular folk working on tight purse strings. His version of gianduja was sold as a solid block in gold foil, which was sliced like butter and eaten on bread. People loved it.
Why hazelnuts, though? Alba is in Italy’s northwestern region, where the nut (which comes from the hazel tree) is plentiful. Its high fat content and “nutty” flavor complements bitter chocolate very well (fun fact: a hazelnut’s shell-to-kernel weight ratio is a key quality metric).
In 1949, Pietro passed away. His brother continued to run the business while his son — Michele — joined the firm. Shortly after the changeover, the Ferrero clan turned the popular gianduja snack into a spread called Supercrema. According to Forbes, sales took off on the strength of “clever tricks”:
They sold it in receptacles like jars and pots so penny-pinched customers could reuse the containers. Rather than distribute it through wholesalers, the company used an army of sales reps who went directly to stores, helping keep prices low.
Michele took over in 1957 and the hazelnut product would have one final rebrand in 1964. That year, the Italian government started to crack down on superlatives in ads. Apparently, “super” was too hype of a word to have in a creamy-chocolatey product.
In response, Michele chose a new name that evoked the flavor of nuts. It literally could not be more literal: Nutella. With business going well, the Ferrero Group matched the name change with a reformulated product that added more sugar and cocoa (AKA made it a lot more addictive).
Michele Ferrero takes the business to new heights
Michele was far from a one-trick pony. He was a real-life Willy Wonka who was addicted to the game (of inventing new snacks). The Ferrero scion spent days on end taste-testing new candy formulations, all while sporting a lab coat.
His efforts yielded a caloric explosion of dopamine-inducing sweets:
- Mon Cheri (1956): A cherry-liquor filled chocolate. Michele created a method whereby the chocolate would *not* absorb the liquor filling. It was a huge hit in Germany. (I’m pretty meh on these tbh).
- TicTac (1969): These little oval mints were apparently named after the sound of opening and closing the container (it’s def smart: the click sound is a psychological hack that creates a “Pavlov’s Dog” type of association with the mint).
- Kinder Surprise (1974): Michele wanted children to experience Easter everyday, so he create a toy-in-chocolate eggs (somewhat crazily, Ferrero is the world’s 3rd biggest toymaker).
As he was ripping off one invention after another, competitors tried to uncover Michele’s methods. But he went to great measures to protect the proverbial secret sauce.
The Alba factory was mostly closed to outsiders while employees came from multiple generations of the same family who were all super loyal to Michele (when he took over Ferrero in 1957, he told the workers: “I will not rest until I have secured a safe and peaceful future for your children.”)
And a select few of these workers have the incredible role as taste tester. Per Daily Mail, the job qualifications are no joke:
To be selected they must correctly identify the flavours of sweet, bitter, salty and umami… In another fiendish test, citric acid, kitchen salt, sugar and caffeine are dissolved in water. The tasters must then be able to place them in order of greatest concentration.
Women between 25 and 40 are best, although pregnant women are the most sensitive to taste. Candidates are then tested with raw materials such as milk, to see if they can identify the one that is less fresh.
Michele’s greatest technical achievement is the immortal Ferrero Rocher. Launched in 1982, he spent 5 years perfecting the praline (a spherical wafer filled with hazelnut and covered by chocolate…and more hazelnuts).
Who can forget that packaging? The gold foil with a paper basket. As Apple’s Jony Ive once said about the iPhone case: “I love the process of unpacking something. You design a ritual of unpacking to make the product feel special. Packaging can be theater.”
For Ferrero, that theatre happens once a year around Christmas. The firm sells 1/3rd of its annual supply of Ferrero Rocher during the year-end holiday. In the lead-up to December 25th, the Alba factory makes 900 pralines a minute (running 24/7).
The inspiration for Ferrero Rocher also adds to the story. Apparently, Michele designed it after the “the Roc de Massabielle, a craggy rock grotto at Lourdes which he visited every year on pilgrimage.”
In the only interview he ever gave — which was published after his death — Michele says all of his inventions targeted one customer archetype. Per the Financial Times, this archetype was a hypothetical Italian woman named “Valeria”:
“I think only of Valeria. [She] is the mother who does the shopping, the grandmother, the aunt, the consumer who decides what to buy every day.”
By the mid-1980s, Valeria was buying a lot of Nutella and Ferrero was a humming global operation with sales passing the $1B mark.
Preparing the next generation
Just as the business was passed to him, Michele prepared his sons — Pietro and Giovanni — to take over the Italian firm. It began at a young age. In one legendary test, Michele blindfolded his sons and they had to smell their way out of the factory.
Over the decades, the sons worked at Ferrero in different roles across the globe before becoming co-CEOs in 1997 (Pietro was 34, Giovanni was 33). By then, the Ferrero empire was bringing in $5B a year.
The transition was going as planned but tragedy struck in the 2010s:
- 2011: Pietro died of a heart attack while biking in South Africa (he was only 47)
- 2015: Michele died at his home in Monaco (he was 89); thousands attend his funeral in Alba
After Michele’s death, the future of Ferrero Group was in question. For decades, the firm was bombarded by takeover offers but Michele always said “no, not for sale”. He was old school and long refused debt and shunned acquisitions. Italian financiers considered him un-bankable.
Giovanni’s ~$6B bet
After his father’s death, Giovanni took full control of the business and made clear that Ferrero Group wasn’t going anywhere. With a healthy profit margin of 10%, Ferrero had been stacking cash for years.
Giovanni believed that the confectionary industry was headed for the same type of consolidation as the beer industry where 4 firms (AB InBev, Constellation Brands Inc., Heineken, MillerCoors) own 86% of the market.
Per Giovanni, “someone will emerge as a front-runner” in the confectionary field. Why not Ferrero?
Since 2015, Giovanni has spent ~$6B on chocolate, candy and snack brands. One major goal has been to expand Ferrero’s footprint in the US and UK:
- Thorntons for $177m (2015): An iconic UK chocolate brand (with all physical stores shut down since the pandemic).
- Fannie May for $115m (2017): The American chocolate maker was acquired from 1-800-Flowers.
- Ferrara Candy for $1.3B (2017): Acquired from PE firm L Catterton.
- Nestle’s US candy business for $2.8B (2018): The Swiss consumer giant actually tried to acquire Ferrero Group but was rebuffed. In the end, Ferrero acquired Nestle’s classic American brands like Baby Ruth, Butterfinger and Crunch.
- Kellogg’s Snacks for $1.3B (2019): Another acquisition of popular US snacks including Keebler, Famous Amos, Mother’s and Murray and Little Brownie Bakers.
- Burton’s Biscuit’s for $426m (2021): The deal included Maryland Cookies, Jammie Dodgers and Wagon Wheels.
Among Ferrero purists, the acquisitions have been polarizing for two reasons:
- Lower end: The acquired products (eg. Crunch, Butterfinger) are “lower end” compared to Ferrero’s homegrown products. These new product lines can hurt the firm’s margins.
- Less healthy: As competing snack giants go healthier, Ferrero is doubling down on sugary vices.
Among confectionary giants, Ferrero only trails Mars, which sells $20B a year of well-known brands including Mars, Snickers, Twix, Skittles and M&Ms. Ferrero ($14B) leads Mondelez ($11B), Meiji ($10B), Hersey ($8B) and Nestle ($8B).
Challenges moving forward
At its size, Ferrero Group is the world’s largest buyer of hazelnuts (1/3rd of the world’s annual supply). To secure its supply of the crucial input, the firm even acquired a hazelnut factory in Turkey in 2014.
However, its management of the crop is a huge source of controversy: hazelnut gathering is backbreaking work and 70%+ of production comes from Turkey, where there are charges of child labor (often Kurdish migrants).
The Nutella maker says it wants 100% hazelnut “traceability”, but supply chain complexity makes this goal difficult (it faces similar criticism for palm oil sourcing). To help achieve its traceability goals, Ferrero bought 2 of the largest hazelnuts traders and is now the world’s #1 hazelnut *supplier* (as well as buyer).
Ferrero also faces questions over the high sugar content of Nutella. For decades, it advertised the spread as a part of a “balanced breakfast”. Spoiler alert: it’s not that healthy (you can put the spoon down now). In 2013, Ferrero paid $3m to settle a California false advertising lawsuit related to the claim.
Aside from managing these difficult issues, Giovanni — who gave up the CEO seat and is now Chairman — says Ferrero Group is aiming for +7% growth a year (per the rule of 72, sales would double in 10 years). It’s too early to tell if Ferrero’s aggressive M&A will get it there.
Amidst the acquisition spree, Giovanni hasn’t forgotten Ferrero’s roots. The firm is (kind of) back to inventing: in 2021, Ferrero unveiled its first ever ice cream stick and chocolate bar.
Other Sources: Reuters, Bloomberg, Candy Industry, First Versions.
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Links and Memes
Elon update (as of 11pm on 04/15/2022): On Thursday, Elon put in a $43B bid to buy all of Twitter (he already owns 9.1%). In his offer letter, Elon said it was his last and best offer and that Twitter has extraordinary potential that he can “unlock”. The offer is priced at $54.20 (yes, I bolded 420), which is currently a 20% premium to Twitter’s stock. Elon further notes that his offer price is a 38% premium to $TWTR stock before he announced his stake on April 1. The stock traded down, suggesting the market doesn’t have faith the deal can be done (and that Elon may walk away entirely).
On the same day, Musk spoke at TED and said he “doesn’t care about the economics at all” and that he doesn’t think the offer will be accepted (but has a “Plan B”). If Elon does acquire Twitter, he wants to prioritize free speech and make Twitter’s algorithm fully transparent.
Twitter responded by adopting a poison pill (a corporate maneuver that triggers if anyone — or a group — owns 15% or more of Twitter; existing shareholders will get to buy $TWTR stock at a discount and dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer..like Elon).While the board has the right to enact the poison pill, Elon backers say that the 20% premium to Twitter’s stock price is legitimate value for shareholders (since $TWTR has done basically nothing as a public company). In this view, the board is *not* acting in its role as a fiduciary. The counter is that $TWTR’s most recent high high was more than $70 (granted, that’s a boost from Fed’s insane money printing).
Twitter is exploring deals with other players (eg. PE Firm Thomas Bravo). Meanwhile, Elon is speaking with partners that could help him seal the deal (if we live in a simulation, the partner will be mysterious Bitcoin creator Satoshi Nakamoto, who happens to have ~$40B in Bitcoin).
Last thing: In a viral thread, former Reddit CEO Yishan Wong says that running a social network is brutally hard (and bad for the psyche). Based on Yishan’s own experience, he says that Elon’s incredible entrepreneurial talents would better benefit humanity if he continued to build SpaceX and Tesla with all his energy (instead of getting distracted by Twitter).
Succession theme song: Incredible YouTube video of composer Nicholas Britell explaining his thought process for creating the Succession theme song. Britell wanted to combine the “absurdities” of the family interactions with the “gravitas” of the show’s heavy topics by mixing classical and hip-hop sounds together. Mission accomplished.
How is AriZona still only $0.99: Here’s an LA Times piece on billionaire Don Vultaggio and AriZona beverage company, which he co-founded. While inflation is hitting every part of the economy, the company — which sells 1B cans of $0.99 AriZona Iced Tea a year — has kept its price point.
One reason is that it’s psychologically hard to jump from $0.99 to $1 or more. Another simpler reason is that Vultaggio controls the private company and straight up doesn’t want consumers to pay more: “I don’t want to do what the bread guys and the gas guys and everybody else are doing. Consumers don’t need another price increase from a guy like me.”
Since March 9, a gallon of gas has costed more than a gallon of AriZone Iced Tea (on a very related note: AriZona’s corporate Twitter account dropped one of the greatest corporate memes ever).
And here are some other memes (see y’all next week):
